Characterization and mode of occurrence of rare earth elements and yttrium in fly and bottom ash from coal-fired power plants in Java, Indonesia

Abstract Fly and bottom ash (FABA) produced primarily from coal combustion in a coal-fired power plant consists of fine particles the organic inorganic mixture trace elements. Eight FABA samples plants Java, Indonesia, had been collected for composition rare earth element Yttrium (REY) mode occurrence identification. The geochemical both major elements was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS/AES). Furthermore, identified petrography with reflected light microscopy X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Simultaneously, scanning electron microscope determines REY an energy-dispersive (SEM–EDX). study finds that component glass, Fe–Mg spinel, mullite, quartz, Fe-oxide mineral, K-feldspar. In contrast, is dominated unburned coal. Glass most abundant cenospheres as pleiospheres minor constituents. Trace analysis indicates concentration heavy (HREY) distribution pattern. Moreover, SEM–EDX results show (Y) occurs glass has low spinel. From REY, particular Yttrium, it can be predicted alkaline fusion followed acid leaching will appropriate extraction method to extract Indonesian FABA.